Madame's Nightshirt
Mrs. Peperium
There was something, indeed, about It Happened One Night that defied description or analysis, even after Capra made the film. For all the merits of its story and screenplay, and Capra's masterful direction, It Happened One Night might never have achieved its great success without Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert. They are so apt a team that it is impossible to imagine anyone else in those roles. Yet the characters were written with other actors in mind.
Capra's first choice for the male lead was Robert Montgomery, whom Louis B. Mayer refused to loan to Columbia....After MGM's Myrna Loy rejected the lead female role (she explained later that "they sent me the worst script ever, completely different from the one they shot") Miriam Hopkins and Margaret Sullavan also turned it down. Then Capra went to Constance Bennett, who wanted to buy it for herself, and to Bette Davis, who wanted to do it but was not allowed to by Warners, which was punishing her for insisting on being loaned to RKO for Of Human Bondage. [Harry] Cohn suggested Loretta Young, bu Capra Was not interested. Then the studio cheif urged him to cast Carole Lombard, whose name he had brought up at the beginning. Capra offered her the role, through Riskin, her current beau. She turned it down, however, becasue of a conflict with the schedule of her next film, Bolero.
For a while the future of the film seemed to hang in the balance.[...]
It Happened One Night was rescued from the limob of unmade scripts by Louis B. Mayer. After he refused to lend Montgomery, Capra asked for Gable. Cohn complained that Gable was not the "first-class" kind of actor Mayer had been promised Columbia, but Mayer and Capra prevailed. Gable's career had been faltering, and Mayer wanted to teach him a lesson for making what the MGM chief considered extravagant money demands. So he sent him to Columbia for a mere $10,000.
Casting Colbert was Cohn's idea. After making For the Love of Mike in 1927, Colbert and Capra had "ended up hating each other," Joe Walker recalled. Colbert turned up her nose at Columbia's offer. She had just finished a picture and was planning a ski vacation in Sun Valley, Idaho. She also found the script unappealing. She was accustomed to Paramount's glamourous settings and gowns and did not relish the prospect of roughing it on a bus at such a declasse studio as Columbia.
They were desperate enough to pay her $50,000 for a film whose total production cost was $325,000. Not only that, her contract called for additional payments if the film went into overtime. Colbert insisted she only took the part "mostly to work with Clark." But Gable complained afterward, "She made more in overtime than I made for the picture."
It was worth it. Gable and Colbert were a fresh romantic team that would guarantee box-office interest even if the studio thought the story would not. [...]
Though It Happened One Night was criticized by some for its supposed lack of social consciousness, it hardly could have been such an enormous success if it had been nothing but escapism. The appeal of the film for the mass audience in America of 1934 was the profoundly satisfying and encouraging spectacle of the proletarian hero humbling, educating, and finally winning over the "spoiled brat" heiress, a story that not only provided a fantasy of upward mobility, both sexual and economic, but, more important represented the leveling of class barriers in the Depression.
Though Peter Warne in the Adam's story shares a common touch with Gable's character in the movie, he is not an out-of-work reporter in the story but a college-educated chemist reduced to odd jobs and frequent unemployment. He is secretly one of nature's aristocrats, which blurs the class distinctions in his romantic pursuit of the runaway heiress. According to Capra, the script changed Peter to a highbrow artist, but after several actresses turned it down, Myles Connolly (a former newspaper reporter himself) suggested transforming Peter into the hard-boiled but idealistic reporter desperate to win his job back. [...]

Gable's Peter is exasperated by the snobbery of Colbert's Ellen Andrews and too intimidated by class barriers to make anything more than a tentative romantic move until her Wall Street tycoon father (Walter Connolly) gives his approval. Burned before by his romantic view of women, he tries to protect himself emotionally by thinking of Ellie as "just a headline," a ticket back to his old job in New York. He spends most of the time criticizing her for her wealth and privilege (teaching her how to dunk doughnuts, he scolds, "Twenty millions and you don't know how to dunk!"), but he is also criticizing himself for being attracted to someone from her class. And he is blind to Ellie's true personality, which is closer to his feminine ideal ("somebody that's real -- somebody that's alive")
Riskin and Capra portrayed the rich much more sympathetically in It Happens One Night than they did in Platinum Blonde, perhaps because they themselves were becoming wealthy men. As Robert Stebbins wrote in his New Theatre review, It Happened One Night "was based on the notion dear to the hearts of a people reared in the school of wish fulfillment -- that if you stepped up to a grumpy plutocrat, who, of course, had a heart of gold despite it all, bawled him out, told him his daughter was a spoiled brat, he'd at once grow enamored of you and you'd come into his millions." There was an element of truth in that, yet the film's real dramatic climax is not the wedding scene in which Ellie deserts her decadent fiance at the altar to rejoin Peter but the preceding scene between Peter and her father, in which Peter presents the old man with a bill for $39.60, the exact sum it cost him to bring her from Miami to New York. Her father is astounded and delighted when Peter disclaims any interest in the $10,000 reward offered for her return. This demonstration of integrity is what makes Ellie finally realize that he is sincere in his feelings towards her. She yearns for the simpler life Peter offers ("I'd change places with a plumber's daughter any day"), and much of the humor in It Happened One Night comes from watching the heiress being reduced to living on a subsistence allowance, strictly regulated by Peter, whose ability to stretch a dollar struck a sympathetic chord with the Depression audience.[...]

Despite their growing intimacy and partnership on the journey, they continually suspect each other of deceit, Ellie that Peter is only after her money or the reward, Peter that Ellie is just using him to get back to New York. The root of their distrust is class difference, which Peter symbolizes with the Walls of Jericho, the blanket he pins up to separate their beds in the motel room. Though he does so sarcastically, he erects the Walls more in self-protection than for any other reason: he is too insecure about his class status to believe that a woman from Ellie's background could love him or that a romance could last if she did.
It was a theme Capra knew well.
It Happened One Night, like The Bitter Tea of General Yen, deals with the tantalizing lure of forbidden sexuality. Capra saw Colbert's character as the personification of all the rich, "classy," stuck-up women who ever gave him the brush-off. "She wasn't looking for any man, she wasn't looking for any romance," said Capra, [...] But he thought Colbert had "the best figure of any actress in Hollywood," and demonstrated his appreciation of it by showing her stopping traffic with a shapely leg in the hitchhiking scene and by having her do a discreet striptease behind the Walls of Jericho. She had to be coaxed into displaying her leg and she did not want to strip as far as he wanted for the Walls of Jericho. Capra later recognized the scene he filmed was more suggestive as a result of her discretion. In an article published shortly after the film's release, he wrote, "I do not argue against sex in pictures, provided it is handled cleverly. But there is more sex in a flash of a pair of ankles than there is in a scene of a thousand bare legs; more allurement in what is not shown than in that which is blatantly and crudely smeared on the scene to the point of nausea."
There were some revealingly adolescent high jinks on the set during the shooting of the Walls of Jericho scene. "Colbert was in bed, and Uncle Frank hollered that he was going to attack her," Joe Finochio remembered. "He jumped on her jokingly and rolled over her."
When there was a delay in shooting of the scene, Colbert, waiting on her side of the blanket, asked what was wrong.
"Well, there seems to be a slight problem here," Capra said, as she came around the side of the Walls. "Clark wants to know what can be done about this."
Gable lay on his back under the covers, smirking, with a large bulge rising from between his legs. He had taken a prop potato masher and propped it under the blanket.
"Awww!" Colbert laughed, "You guys!"
- Frank Capra, The Catastrophe of Success, Joseph McBride.
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